“幼有所育”中政府普惠性投入的必然性——來自六省縣級(jí)面板數(shù)據(jù)的歷史證據(jù)

摘要： 為了探討政府投入對(duì)學(xué)前教育供給特別是公辦園供給的影響,本研究基于可得的2002～2006年山東、浙江、河南、湖南、貴州及甘肅6省370個(gè)縣級(jí)歷史面板數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行實(shí)證分析,結(jié)果顯示學(xué)前教育政府分擔(dān)比例與公辦園的在園幼兒規(guī)模增長(zhǎng)率之間存在一種"右凸模型"現(xiàn)象:公辦園的政府分擔(dān)比例對(duì)公辦園的在園幼兒規(guī)模增長(zhǎng)率有負(fù)向影響,在其他影響因素相同的情況下,政府分擔(dān)比例越大,對(duì)公辦園在園幼兒規(guī)模增長(zhǎng)率的負(fù)效應(yīng)越大。由于政府與公辦園是"圈內(nèi)人"的關(guān)系,政府對(duì)公辦園的投入是一種社會(huì)性交換,所以政府會(huì)優(yōu)先投入公辦園。與此同時(shí),進(jìn)入公辦園的多是包括政府公務(wù)員在內(nèi)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位較高家庭的幼兒,這也使得公辦園更可能追求以"示范園"為目標(biāo)的高質(zhì)量,而非擴(kuò)大在園幼兒規(guī)模。在當(dāng)前要求大力發(fā)展普惠性學(xué)前教育的政策導(dǎo)向下,地方政府不能再走鼓勵(lì)和支持公辦園建設(shè)與發(fā)展"示范園"的老路。不僅中央政府應(yīng)著力引導(dǎo)學(xué)前教育普惠性投入方向,而且地方政府應(yīng)增加公辦園的城鄉(xiāng)覆蓋范圍,逐步將公辦園學(xué)位數(shù)供給納入政府考核評(píng)價(jià)體系,并嘗試創(chuàng)新學(xué)前教育投入機(jī)制,促進(jìn)我國(guó)學(xué)前教育普惠、安全、優(yōu)質(zhì)發(fā)展。
In the new era,it is of great significance to promote the early childhood education(ECE)to be accessible,affordable,safe and of high quality to satisfy the people's urgent expectation in Childhood Education Sector. In 2003,the Ministry of Education issued a policy to increase the governmental investment in Demonstration Kindergartens. Both central government and local governments have begun to increase investment in preschool education since 2010,but many locally governmental spending in preschool education nowadays still focuses on Demonstration Kindergartens. To empirically explore the relationship between governmental investment and the growth of scale of public kindergartens,according to the availability of data,this paper examines the relation using panel data at county level from 370 counties in Shandong,Zhejiang,Henan,Hunan,Guizhou and Gansu provinces in 2002～2006. The results show that there is a negative correlation between spending in preschool education and the growth of enrollments of public kindergartens. Particularly,the greater the share,the greater the negative effect. This is also a case in counties where there were larger enrollment in public kindergartens,there was a greater negative effect.That is, under the existing government investment model of preschool education, the government 's increased investment in Demonstration Kindergartens does not contribute to expanding the enrollments of public kindergartens,and then this paper explains it under the theoretical analysis framework of "InsidersOutsiders". Therefore,in the context of the shortage of "education for all the children",the government should reform its traditional way of investment in ECE sector. This study has significant policy implications for governmental strategies regarding spending in preschools to achieve the goal of universalization in early childhood education in China.