3～7歲兒童的規(guī)則內(nèi)化：家長(zhǎng)養(yǎng)育行為與兒童性別、氣質(zhì)的交互作用

摘要： 本研究以254名3～7歲兒童為研究對(duì)象,考察家長(zhǎng)的養(yǎng)育行為與兒童性別、氣質(zhì)特點(diǎn)對(duì)兒童規(guī)則內(nèi)化水平的作用,結(jié)果表明3～7歲兒童的規(guī)則內(nèi)化水平隨年齡增加顯著提高,但在不同領(lǐng)域內(nèi)快速提高的時(shí)間存在先后;女孩的整體規(guī)則內(nèi)化水平高于男孩,具體僅表現(xiàn)在道德和習(xí)俗兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域;難養(yǎng)兒童的規(guī)則內(nèi)化水平顯著低于普通兒童和易養(yǎng)兒童;民主養(yǎng)育與兒童的規(guī)則內(nèi)化正相關(guān),消極養(yǎng)育(尤其是專制和忽視行為)與規(guī)則內(nèi)化負(fù)相關(guān);養(yǎng)育對(duì)兒童規(guī)則內(nèi)化的作用存在性別差異,家長(zhǎng)的專制和忽視行為不利于女孩的規(guī)則內(nèi)化,民主行為促進(jìn)男孩的規(guī)則內(nèi)化;養(yǎng)育對(duì)易養(yǎng)兒童規(guī)則內(nèi)化的作用比對(duì)普通兒童更強(qiáng),難養(yǎng)兒童不受家長(zhǎng)養(yǎng)育影響。家長(zhǎng)需要分階段、有重點(diǎn)、有技巧地進(jìn)行規(guī)則教育,特別要關(guān)注女孩的情感敏感性,重視風(fēng)險(xiǎn)氣質(zhì)兒童的自身成長(zhǎng),以促進(jìn)兒童的社會(huì)化。
254 children aged 3 ～7 and their parents were investigated to find out the effects of parental parenting behaviors,children's characteristics on children's internalization of rules. The results showed that:(1)Children's internalization of rules improved significantly during 3 ～7 years old,while the time of rapid improvement varied in different domains.(2)Girls showed higher level of internalization of rules than boys,but only in moral and convention domains. The internalization of rules of difficult children was significantly lower than that of normal and easy children.(3)Democratic parenting was positively correlated with internalization of rules,while negative parenting negatively,especially for authoritarian and neglect parenting.(4)There were gender differences in the role of parenting on children's internalization of rules. Authoritarian and neglect parenting were harmful to girls' internalization of rules,while democratic parenting promoted boys' internalization of rules.(5)Parenting affected easy children'internalization of rules more than normal ones. Difficult children were not affected by parenting. Parents should carry out rule education in stages,with focus and skills. Also parents should pay more attention to the emotional sensitivity of girls and the development of children with risk temperament,to promote the socialization of children.