跨越專家與公民的邊界——基于后常規(guī)科學(xué)背景下的決策模式重塑

摘要： 20世紀(jì)初的公共政策制定走向了一條科學(xué)化和理性化的道路。但后常規(guī)時(shí)代的科學(xué)往往無力提供政策制定所需的那種明確答案,因而也無法減少?zèng)Q策中日益增加的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與不確定性。當(dāng)前,科學(xué)與政策領(lǐng)域興起了諸如"知識(shí)生產(chǎn)的模式2""知識(shí)分工"與"公民參與科學(xué)"等新興概念,它們共同指向了專業(yè)知識(shí)生產(chǎn)的民主化趨勢(shì)——必須重新開放科學(xué)的認(rèn)知承諾,以一種與傳統(tǒng)科學(xué)生產(chǎn)模式不同的、強(qiáng)調(diào)非職業(yè)化與情境化的知識(shí)范式去重新理解科學(xué)、知識(shí)生產(chǎn)與決策,以適應(yīng)高度復(fù)雜與高度不確定性情境下的政策爭(zhēng)端。這意味著突破專業(yè)知識(shí)的規(guī)范性承諾和前提性預(yù)設(shè),賦予公民智慧與科學(xué)專家以能力上的平等地位,在開放、多元的參與情境中實(shí)現(xiàn)公眾與專家的共同磋商。在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域,專業(yè)知識(shí)的民主化導(dǎo)向的是科學(xué)的認(rèn)知轉(zhuǎn)型;在政策領(lǐng)域,它將突破決策科學(xué)化與民主化的兩難困境,導(dǎo)向一種更為擴(kuò)大化的公民參與。
The public policy formulation in the early 20 th century has moved toward a scientific and rational path. But neither could the post-normal science provide the clear answer for policy making, nor reduce the increasing risks and uncertainties. At present, emerging concepts such as "model 2 of knowledge production", "division of epistemic labor" and "civil participation in science" have emerged in the field of science and policy, which together point to the democratization trend of expertise-to adapt to policy disputes in highly complex and highly uncertain situations,we must reopen the cognitive commitment of science and re-understand science, scientific production and decision making in a different knowledge paradigm,which emphasizing non-professional and contextual application than traditional models. This means breaks the normative commitment and premise presupposition of professional knowledge, giving citizens wisdom and scientific experts equal status in ability and achieving an open and diverse consultation between them. In the field of science, the democratization of expertise leads to the cognitive transformation of science; in the policy field, it breaks through the dilemma of scientific and democratization of decision-making and lead to the more expanded citizen participation.